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<title>Opcode Systems</title>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Opcode Systems, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Software Development</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985</span>)</span> in <a href="Palo_Alto%2C_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Dave Oppenheim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1998</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson Guitar Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li>Vision (a MIDI-only sequencer)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Studio Vision (a full sequencer, including digital audio)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Galaxy (a patch editor and librarian)</li>

<li><a href="Open_Music_System" title="Open Music System">OMS</a> (a MIDI-interface environment)</li>

<li><a href="Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max</a> (a graphical development environment)</li>

<li><a href="Overture_(software)" title="Overture (software)">Overture</a> (music notation and hybrid DAW software, now published by Sonic Scores)</li></ul>

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<p><b>Opcode Systems, Inc.</b> was founded in 1985 by Dave Oppenheim and based in and around <a href="Palo_Alto%2C_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, USA. Opcode produced <a href="MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> sequencing software for the <a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, which would later include <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> capabilities, as well as audio and MIDI hardware interfaces. Opcode's MIDIMAC <a href="Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a>, launched in 1986, was one of the first commercially available MIDI sequencers for the Macintosh.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In 1985, <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> graduate Dave Oppenheim founded Opcode. Dave was the majority partner, focusing on Research & Development, with Gary Briber the minority partner focusing on Sales & Marketing. Paul J. de Benedictis joined the company to write product manuals, test products and demo the products after meeting Ray Spears in San Francisco while he was printing the beta manual for MIDIMAC Sequencer v1.0. The products were announced at the New Orleans Summer <a href="National_Association_of_Music_Merchants" title="National Association of Music Merchants">NAMM</a> (June 22–25) (after which Apple objected to the name)<sup id="cite_ref-kvr-hallaby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kvr-hallaby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to composer <a href="Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a>, publicly available in July, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1986, two major products were released. One was the MIDIMAC Sequencer, which later became the Opcode Sequencer and, eventually, Vision. The other was the MIDIMAC interface for the Macintosh computer. These products allowed musicians to use the Macintosh platform for music sequencing and were utilized by electronic music pioneers such as <a href="Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, <a href="Wendy_Carlos" title="Wendy Carlos">Wendy Carlos</a>, <a href="Thomas_Dolby" title="Thomas Dolby">Thomas Dolby</a>, and others.

</p><p>In 1986, music software programmer David Zicarelli licensed his Editor/Librarian for the <a href="Yamaha_DX-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha DX-7">Yamaha DX-7</a> to Opcode, which published this product. At its peak, Opcode would market over ten separate Editor/Librarians, software programs designed to facilitate the editing of sound patches for digital synthesizers and the storage and organization of those patches on a personal computer.

</p><p>In 1987, Gary Briber sold his portion of the company to Chris Halaby, with Chris assuming the position of Chief Executive Officer and Marketing and Sales responsibilities falling upon Paul J. de Benedictis and Keith Borman, respectively. Paul de Benedictis was also the product manager for many of the products including the new version of Opcode's sequencer, Vision.

</p><p>In 1989, Opcode introduced Vision, its award-winning sequencing platform for the Macintosh (and, eventually, Windows computers as well). A simplified version, EZ Vision, was soon released.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EZ Vision's successor, MusicShop, included a simple notation view - a first in a sequencing product in that price range (roughly $100 US).

</p><p>Also in 1989, it licensed the computer music authoring system <a href="Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max</a> from <a href="IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a>, where it had been developed academically by <a href="Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a>. Opcode began selling a commercial version of the program in 1990, developed and extended by David Zicarelli. Never a perfect fit for Opcode Systems, active development on the software ceased in the mid-90s. The current commercial version of Max has since been maintained and distributed by Zicarelli's company, <a href="Cycling_'74" title="Cycling '74">Cycling '74</a> (founded in 1997), since 1999.

</p><p>In 1990, Opcode introduced Studio Vision (initially called 'Audio Vision'), which added digital audio recording (using Digidesign's digital audio hardware) to Vision's recording and editing platform. Studio Vision was the first-ever commercially available product integrating MIDI sequencing and digital audio editing and recording on a personal computer. Paul J. de Benedictis was the Studio Vision product manager and helped come up with the idea of audio and MIDI in the same product after speaking with Mark Jeffery, a Digidesign employee key to their software development.<sup id="cite_ref-Studio_Vision_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studio_Vision-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version called VisionDSP was released just before the company folded. Caitlin Johnson (currently Caitlin Bini) was Opcode's Senior Tech Writer, and she wrote the Studio Vision, Vision, EZ Vision, and Galaxy user manuals.

</p><p>In July 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-helmsetter_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helmsetter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opcode acquired Music Quest, Inc., makers of <a href="MPU-401" title="MPU-401">MPU-401</a>-compatible expansion cards and peripheral boxes, such as the PC MIDI Card, the MQX-16s, the MQX-32m, and the MIDIEngine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 355">: 355 </span></sup> Opcode continued to sell Music Quest's hardware following the acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-helmsetter_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helmsetter-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opcode's hardware products also included a line of serial MIDI interfaces which included the Studio 3, Studio 4, Studio 5, Studio 64X<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 128X,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="USB" title="USB">USB</a> interfaces including the DATport, SONICport, MIDIport and STUDIOport lines.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1998, Opcode was bought by <a href="Gibson_Guitar_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Guitar Corporation">Gibson Guitar Corporation</a>. Development on Opcode products ceased in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607012258/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/opcode477.htm">"Opcode Vision DSP v4.1"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. January 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/opcode477.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607010619/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/opcodesv3.html">"Opcode Studio Vision Pro v3.0"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. March 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/opcodesv3.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606111957/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/studiovision.html">"Opcode Studio Vision Pro 4"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. October 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct98/articles/studiovision.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-kvr-hallaby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kvr-hallaby_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHallaby" class="citation web cs1">Hallaby, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kvraudio.com/focus/the_early_days_of_software_sequencers_15670">"The Early Days of Software Sequencers"</a>. <i>kvraudio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel" class="citation web cs1">Spiegel, Laurie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retiary.org/ls/writings/cmj_intelligt_instr_hist.html">"A short history of intelligent instruments"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite> ("Letter to the Editor, <b>Computer Music Journal</b>, Vol. 11, #3, Fall, 1987.")</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[R.L. Blevins, Computer Music Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, New Performance Interfaces 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 82-85]</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Studio_Vision-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Studio_Vision_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1990_opcode_sequencer/">"Studio Vision"</a>. mixonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-helmsetter-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-helmsetter_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-helmsetter_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHelmstetter1996" class="citation book cs1">Helmstetter, Anthony (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webdevelopersgui0000helm/page/146/"><i>Web Developer's Guide to Sound & Music</i></a>. Coriolis Group Books. p. 147. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1883577950</bdi> – via the Internet Archive.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood1996" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Brian (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pcmusichandbook0000heyw/page/40/"><i>PC Music Handbook</i></a>. PC Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41, <span class="nowrap">46–</span>47, <span class="nowrap">90–</span>92, 95, 201. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1870775422</bdi> – via the Internet Archive.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRubenking1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rubenking, Janet (March 12, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GF_6VuE4h2MC&pg=PT366">"Add a Musical Dimension to Your PC with MIDI"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <b>10</b> (5). Ziff-Davis: 355–366 – via Google Books.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915005347/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html">"Opcode Studio 64XTC"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. April 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/apr98/articles/studio64xtc.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2014.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607013256/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html">"Opcode Studio128X"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. September 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/sep98/articles/opcode.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814140014/http://www.harmony-central.com/Newp/WNAMM99/Opcode/New-USB-Products.html">Harmony Central</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027094815/http://news.harmony-central.com/News/1999/Opcode-Changes.html">"Harmony Central News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harmony-central.com/News/1999/Opcode-Changes.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/dave-oppenheim">Dave Oppenheim Interview</a> at <a href="NAMM_Oral_History_Program" title="NAMM Oral History Program">NAMM Oral History Collection</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/paul-de-benedictis">Paul de Benedictis Interview</a> at NAMM Oral History Collection (2009)</li></ul>

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